Role of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Nutrition

Mycorrhizal fungi play a crucial role in plant nutrition by forming a mutualistic association with the roots of most plants. This symbiotic relationship benefits both the fungi and the plants involved.

What are Mycorrhizal Fungi?

Mycorrhizal fungi are a diverse group of fungi that establish a symbiotic relationship with the roots of plants. They form a network of fine, thread-like structures called hyphae, which extend into the soil and colonize the root system of the host plant.

Types of Mycorrhizal Associations

There are two main types of mycorrhizal associations: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.

• Ectomycorrhizae: In this type of association, the fungal hyphae form a sheath around the root tips, creating a protective mantle. The hyphae also penetrate between the root cells, forming a network known as the Hartig net. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are commonly found in trees, such as pines, oaks, and birches.
• Endomycorrhizae: In endomycorrhizal associations, the fungal hyphae penetrate the root cells of the host plant, forming specialized structures called arbuscules and vesicles. This type of mycorrhizal association is widespread among herbaceous plants, grasses, and many agricultural crops.

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Role of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Nutrition

Mycorrhizal fungi enhance plant nutrition through various mechanisms:

Nutrient Acquisition: The hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi extend into the soil, greatly increasing the surface area available for nutrient absorption. They can access nutrients, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and micronutrients, that are otherwise inaccessible to the plant roots.

Water Uptake: Mycorrhizal fungi improve the plant’s ability to absorb water from the soil by extending their hyphae into deeper soil layers. This helps plants withstand drought conditions and improves overall water-use efficiency.

Plant Growth Promotion: Mycorrhizal fungi produce growth-promoting substances, such as auxins and cytokinins, which stimulate root development and enhance plant growth. They also help in the production of enzymes that aid in nutrient uptake and utilization.

Protection against Pathogens: Mycorrhizal fungi can protect plants against soil-borne pathogens by competing for resources and producing antifungal compounds. They also stimulate the plant’s defense mechanisms, making it more resistant to diseases.

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In summary, mycorrhizal fungi form a beneficial partnership with plants, improving nutrient acquisition, water uptake, plant growth, and protection against pathogens. This symbiotic relationship is essential for the overall health and productivity of many agricultural crops and natural ecosystems.

Keywords: plants, hyphae, nutrition, nutrient, growth, forming, association, symbiotic, relationship