Role of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Carbon Sequestration

Definition: Mycorrhizal fungi are symbiotic organisms that form a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of most plants. They play a crucial role in carbon sequestration, which refers to the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in long-term sinks, such as soils and plants.

Types of Mycorrhizal Fungi

There are two main types of mycorrhizal fungi: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF).

1. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF): These fungi form a symbiotic association with the roots of the majority of plant species, including most agricultural crops. They penetrate the root cells, forming intricate structures called arbuscules, which facilitate the exchange of nutrients between the fungus and the plant. AMF are known to enhance plant growth, nutrient uptake, and overall plant health.

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2. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi (EMF): EMF form a mutualistic relationship with the roots of certain tree species, such as pines, oaks, and birches. Unlike AMF, EMF do not penetrate the root cells but instead form a dense network of hyphae around the root surface. This network extends the root system, increasing the plant’s access to nutrients and water.

Carbon Sequestration Mechanisms

Mycorrhizal fungi contribute to carbon sequestration through various mechanisms:

1. Increased Plant Productivity: Mycorrhizal fungi enhance plant growth by improving nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen. This increased plant productivity leads to higher carbon assimilation through photosynthesis, as more carbon dioxide is converted into organic compounds.

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2. Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation: Mycorrhizal fungi play a crucial role in the formation and stabilization of soil organic carbon. They release enzymes that break down organic matter, making it more accessible to soil microorganisms. This decomposition process results in the accumulation of stable organic carbon in the soil, reducing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

3. Protection against Carbon Loss: Mycorrhizal fungi help plants withstand environmental stresses, such as drought and high temperatures. By improving plant resilience, they reduce the risk of carbon loss through plant mortality or decomposition.

Importance in Sustainable Agriculture

The role of mycorrhizal fungi in carbon sequestration is of great significance in sustainable agriculture. By enhancing plant growth, nutrient uptake, and soil carbon storage, these fungi contribute to the mitigation of climate change and the improvement of soil health. Incorporating mycorrhizal fungi into agricultural practices can lead to increased crop yields, reduced fertilizer requirements, and improved soil fertility, ultimately promoting long-term sustainability in the agricultural sector.

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Keywords: carbon, sequestration, organic, plants, dioxide, agricultural, growth, nutrient, uptake