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How does DNA methylation affect aging and longevity?

DNA methylation is a process that involves the addition of a methyl group to the DNA molecule, specifically to the cytosine residue in a CpG dinucleotide. This modification plays a crucial role in gene regulation and can influence various biological processes, including aging and longevity.

Epigenetic changes and aging

Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, are known to accumulate with age and can contribute to the aging process. DNA methylation patterns can change over time, leading to alterations in gene expression and cellular function. These changes can affect various aspects of aging, including cellular senescence, telomere length, and the decline of organ function.

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Impact on gene expression

DNA methylation can directly influence gene expression by affecting the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors and other regulatory proteins. Methylation of promoter regions often leads to gene silencing, preventing the transcription of specific genes. This can have significant implications for aging-related processes, as the expression of certain genes involved in DNA repair, inflammation, and oxidative stress response can be altered.

Age-associated DNA methylation changes

Studies have identified specific DNA methylation changes that occur with aging. These changes are often referred to as age-associated DNA methylation changes (aDMCs). Some aDMCs are consistently observed across individuals, while others are more variable. These changes can occur in genes associated with aging-related pathways, such as those involved in immune response, metabolism, and cellular maintenance.

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Longevity-associated DNA methylation changes

In addition to age-associated changes, certain DNA methylation patterns have been associated with longevity. Longevity-associated DNA methylation changes (LAMCs) are specific modifications that are more prevalent in individuals with extended lifespans. These changes can occur in genes involved in various biological processes, including DNA repair, stress response, and metabolism.

Role of DNA methylation in lifespan determination

The exact mechanisms by which DNA methylation affects aging and longevity are still being investigated. However, it is believed that DNA methylation patterns can influence the expression of genes involved in aging-related pathways, ultimately impacting lifespan. Additionally, changes in DNA methylation can also be influenced by environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and genetic variations, further contributing to individual differences in aging and longevity.

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Overall, DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic modification that can affect aging and longevity by influencing gene expression and cellular function. Understanding the role of DNA methylation in these processes may provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying aging and potentially lead to the development of interventions to promote healthy aging and extend lifespan.

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