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How can the skin protect against harmful UV radiation?

The skin has several mechanisms in place to protect against harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. These mechanisms include:

1. Melanin production

Melanin is a pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. When the skin is exposed to UV radiation, melanocytes, specialized cells in the skin, produce more melanin. Melanin absorbs UV radiation and helps to prevent it from penetrating deeper into the skin. This is why people with darker skin tones have a natural protection against UV radiation compared to those with lighter skin tones.

2. Thickening of the stratum corneum

The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the skin. When exposed to UV radiation, the stratum corneum thickens as a protective response. This thickening helps to block and absorb UV radiation, reducing its penetration into the deeper layers of the skin.

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3. DNA repair mechanisms

UV radiation can cause damage to the DNA in skin cells. However, the skin has built-in DNA repair mechanisms that can fix this damage. Enzymes in the skin recognize and repair UV-induced DNA damage, minimizing the risk of mutations and skin cancer development.

4. Release of antioxidants

When the skin is exposed to UV radiation, it releases antioxidants to counteract the harmful effects of free radicals generated by UV exposure. Antioxidants help to neutralize these free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and potential damage to the skin cells.

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5. Thickening of blood vessels

UV radiation can cause blood vessels near the skin’s surface to dilate, leading to redness and inflammation. However, over time, repeated exposure to UV radiation can cause the blood vessels to thicken, reducing their ability to dilate. This thickening helps to minimize the redness and inflammation associated with UV exposure.

While the skin has natural protective mechanisms against UV radiation, it is still important to take additional steps to protect the skin, such as wearing sunscreen, protective clothing, and seeking shade during peak sun hours.

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