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Can Metformin extend lifespan?

Metformin is a medication commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes. It belongs to the class of drugs known as biguanides and works by reducing glucose production in the liver and improving insulin sensitivity in the body.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the potential of metformin to extend lifespan and delay the onset of age-related diseases. Several studies conducted on various organisms, including worms, flies, and mice, have shown promising results in this regard.

Research on Metformin’s effects on lifespan

1. Worms (Caenorhabditis elegans): Studies conducted on worms have demonstrated that metformin can extend their lifespan. It activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, which is involved in regulating energy metabolism and lifespan. Metformin’s ability to mimic the effects of caloric restriction, a known lifespan-extending intervention, is believed to contribute to its longevity-promoting effects in worms.

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2. Flies (Drosophila melanogaster): Similar to worms, studies on fruit flies have shown that metformin can extend their lifespan. It activates AMPK and inhibits the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway, which is involved in nutrient sensing and cellular growth. These molecular mechanisms are thought to play a role in metformin’s lifespan-extending effects in flies.

3. Mice: Research conducted on mice has provided mixed results regarding metformin’s effects on lifespan. Some studies have shown a significant extension of lifespan in mice treated with metformin, while others have not observed such effects. However, metformin has consistently been shown to improve healthspan, which refers to the period of life spent in good health without age-related diseases or disabilities.

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Potential mechanisms of metformin’s lifespan extension

1. AMPK activation: Metformin activates AMPK, a cellular energy sensor that regulates various metabolic pathways. Activation of AMPK has been linked to lifespan extension in multiple organisms, including worms, flies, and mice.

2. Reduction of oxidative stress: Metformin has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, which is a major contributor to aging and age-related diseases. By reducing oxidative stress, metformin may help to delay the onset of age-related decline and extend lifespan.

3. Inhibition of mTOR pathway: Metformin inhibits the mTOR pathway, which is involved in nutrient sensing and cellular growth. Inhibition of this pathway has been associated with lifespan extension in various organisms.

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While the existing research suggests that metformin has the potential to extend lifespan, further studies are needed to fully understand its effects and mechanisms of action in humans. It is important to note that metformin should only be used under medical supervision and for its approved indications, such as the treatment of diabetes.

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